Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity from energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous chemical transformations. The reactions carried out electrochemically can be energy efficient and less polluting. Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electrical potential as an outcome of a particular chemical change, or vice versa. These reactions involve electrons moving between electrodes via an electronically-conducting phase (typically, but not necessarily, an external electrical circuit such as in electrolessplating), separated by an ionically-conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution). When a chemical reaction is effected by a potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if electrical potential results from a chemical reaction as in a battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. Unlike chemical reactions, in electrochemical reactions electrons (and necessarily resulting ions), are not transferred directly between molecules, but via the aforementioned electronically- and ionically-conducting circuits, respectively. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a chemical reaction. Electrochemistry is important in the transmission of nerve impulses in biological systems. Redox chemistry, the transfer of electrons, is behind all electrochemical processes.

 An electrochemical cell is any device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into chemical energy. The production of chlorine and aluminum and the electroplating and electrowinning of metals are examples of industrial electrochemical processes. Electrochemical cells that produce electric energy from chemical energy are the basis of primary and secondary (storage) batteries and fuel cells. Electrochemical techniques have their advantages because of their simplicity, low cost and speed. The only condition for this method of monitoring enzyme kinetics is that direct electron transfer must be possible or able to be achieved by mediators. There are two types of electrochemical cells: voltaic cell and electrolytic cell. A voltaic cell generates electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction. An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy from outside the cell to cause a redox reaction to occur.

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